Most Red Or Black In A Row In Roulette
2021年1月13日Download: http://gg.gg/nu351
A group of second-year students asked me to contribute a ‘Real World Stats’ piece to their new psychology publication, MAZE. I reworked a section from of my most popular statistics lectures on probability theory and roulette. Below is the article in full.
*Most Red Or Black In A Row In Roulette Machine
*Most Red Or Black In A Row In Roulette Room
*Most Red Or Black In A Row In Roulette Sites
*Most Red Or Black In A Row In Roulette Terms
Roulette is a straightforward casino game. While the wheel is spinning, a ball is released. This ball eventually ends up stopping in a numbered (1-37) and coloured (red or black) pocket. You bet on the final resting place of the ball by selecting a number, range of numbers or a colour. When betting on colours, if you pick correctly, you double your money. A £20 stake on black would get you £40 back if the ball landed in a black pocket, and nothing back if it landed in a red one.
A few years ago, I received quite a few spam e-mails with the following tip on how to win at roulette.
There is no surety that you are going to win in roulette but you can soar up your chances of applying proper strategies. We are always in dilemma which color to choose. It could be either red or black. As there are 50% chances of occurring of both the color (minus the 0). Always bet on a color. The most popular of them are known as ‘even money’ bets, because they cover pretty much half of the possible outcomes – with the exception of the number zero (and the double 0 in American roulette). All the even bets in roulette are: red or black, even or odd, 1-18 or 19-36. All of those bets have a chance of winning close to 50%. It all boils down to one basic, misguided belief: In games of chance, like roulette or craps, if a certain outcome hasn’t happened in awhile, it’s more likely to occur in the future. Seriously, black has hit, like, six times in a row. Has to be red next. By spinning maybe 14 or 15 red numbers the table had attracted quite a crowd, with people emptying their wallets onto black In total I had spun 22 red numbers in a row before finally hitting a black number. By this time most people were at the cash desk getting more money out and I dont think anybody managed to recoup their losses. The record for the number of reds in a row was set in the US in 1943 when the colour came up 32 times in a row. The probability of this happening on a European Roulette table is (18/37) to the power of 32 which comes to 1 in 10,321,314,387. It has also been reported that red came up 39 times in a row in the Casino Monte Carlo, Monaco.
> So I found a way you can win everytime:> bet $1 on black if it goes black you win $1> now again bet $1 on black, if it goes red bet $3 on black, if it goes red again bet $8> on black, if red again bet $20 on black, red again bet $52 on black (always multiple> you previous lost bet around 2.5) if now is black you win $52 so you have $104 and you bet:> $1 + $3 + $8 + $20 + $52 = $84 So you just won $20 :)> now when you won you start with $1 on blacks again etc etc. its always> bound to go black eventually (it’s 50/50) so that way you eventually always win.
If you ignore the atrocious spelling and grammar, the basic idea seems to be a good one. In fact, it’s an established betting strategy known as the Martingale system. Under this system, you double losing bets until you win, that way you will always win an amount equivalent to your first stake. If we build a probability tree for a gambler who only bets on black and provide her with a fairly standard outcome, two losses followed by one win, you’ll see how this is meant to work.
Over three bets, she has spent £7, but won £8. Not too shabby. She just needs to do this over and over until she has won an amount she’s happy with. Fool-proof, right?
Not quite. Casinos have stayed in business over centuries for a reason: they know how to work probabilities. One of their standard strategies is to have minimum and maximum stake limits, with a typical range of £10-£1000. These limits expose a huge flaw in our spam-based strategy.
Imagine you’re trying the Martingale strategy and you go on a losing streak. £10, £20, £40, £80, £160, £320 and £640 all go on losing bets and all of a sudden you’re down £1270. Here’s where you come up against the casino’s maximum bet policy. You can’t place a £1280 bet to recoup your losses. But how likely is losing 7 bets in a row?
Not very likely at all, if you’re only trying to win £10. According to the multiplication rule for independent events, the exact odds are (1/2)7 which is equal to .0078. Put another way, the probability of this happening is 1 in 128.
But problems arise when you try to make more than £10. To understand the next set of calculations, we need to reverse the probability of losing and think about how likely it is that we will win £10 each time we try. Using the addition rule for mutually exclusive events, we can calculate that the probability of winning £10 is equal to the probability of not losing:
pwin+ plose = 1Most Red Or Black In A Row In Roulette Machine
pwin= 1 – plose
pwin= 1 – 1/128 = 127/128 = .9922
We can now work out the probabilities of making various amounts of profit, once again using the multiplication rule:
£20 profit = (127/128)2 = .9844£100 profit = (127/128)10 = .9246£200 profit = (127/128)20 = .8548
But here’s the kicker. If you want to double the money you bring to the casino to place these bets, you’re looking at close to a 2 in 3 chance that you will lose everything.
£1270 profit = (127/128)127 = .3693
“I’m not greedy!” I hear you cry. “I’d just want to go home with a little more than if I had invested the money and not had any fun at all.” Let’s say you wanted to take home a little more than, 6%, the best savings interest rate you can currently find on moneysupermarket.com (as of when this article was written). How much would you need to win?
£1270 x .06 = £76.20Most Red Or Black In A Row In Roulette Room
You would need to win 8 times in a row to go home with a little more than a 6% interest rate. And what are the odds of this happening?
£80 profit = (127/128)8 = .9392
Put another way, 15 out of 16 times, you will exceed a savings account interest rate. You will enter the casino with £1270 and leave with £1350. But, 1 in 16 times you will leave the casino with nothing. Not even enough to get the 99 bus back over the Tay. Sadly, this sort of thing is all too common, especially when people are new to gambling and thing they have found a way of beating the system: e.g. http://casinogambling.about.com/od/moneymanagement/a/martingale.htm.
Even if you find a casino with no maximum bet, you need huge financial resources to make it work. It all starts to seem even more hopeless when you factor in something I neglected to mention at the start. Your odds of winning are actually worse than 50%. If the ball lands on 0 the casino takes all the money.
The take-home-message? It’s probably best to ignore financial advice you read in your spam folder.Most Red Or Black In A Row In Roulette SitesMost Red Or Black In A Row In Roulette Terms
EDIT (17/1/2014): A link to moneysupermarket.com was removed following receipt of an email from a moneysupermarket.com employee requesting that I comply with their request of ” removing or adding a nofollow attribute to the links to our MoneySuperMarket.com website”. Doing a quick search to find out why reveals https://groups.google.com/forum/#!topic/FleetStreet/HDVHXFwQFdI, which suggests that this is all about SEO optimisation such that “some [links] may look un-natural or paid for in the eyes of Google. This unfortunately means that we have to take down a large number of our links, some of which were genuine and of use/interest to users of the sites on which they were posted”. The suggestion on that last link is that moneysupermarket.com might be doing this because they have previously been penalised for paying for links to their site and are now doing what they can to stop this perception. I don’t know what authority they have to enforce removal of links like this (none I suspect), but I don’t really care enough to kick up a fuss… link removed.
Download: http://gg.gg/nu351 https://diarynote.indered.space
A group of second-year students asked me to contribute a ‘Real World Stats’ piece to their new psychology publication, MAZE. I reworked a section from of my most popular statistics lectures on probability theory and roulette. Below is the article in full.
*Most Red Or Black In A Row In Roulette Machine
*Most Red Or Black In A Row In Roulette Room
*Most Red Or Black In A Row In Roulette Sites
*Most Red Or Black In A Row In Roulette Terms
Roulette is a straightforward casino game. While the wheel is spinning, a ball is released. This ball eventually ends up stopping in a numbered (1-37) and coloured (red or black) pocket. You bet on the final resting place of the ball by selecting a number, range of numbers or a colour. When betting on colours, if you pick correctly, you double your money. A £20 stake on black would get you £40 back if the ball landed in a black pocket, and nothing back if it landed in a red one.
A few years ago, I received quite a few spam e-mails with the following tip on how to win at roulette.
There is no surety that you are going to win in roulette but you can soar up your chances of applying proper strategies. We are always in dilemma which color to choose. It could be either red or black. As there are 50% chances of occurring of both the color (minus the 0). Always bet on a color. The most popular of them are known as ‘even money’ bets, because they cover pretty much half of the possible outcomes – with the exception of the number zero (and the double 0 in American roulette). All the even bets in roulette are: red or black, even or odd, 1-18 or 19-36. All of those bets have a chance of winning close to 50%. It all boils down to one basic, misguided belief: In games of chance, like roulette or craps, if a certain outcome hasn’t happened in awhile, it’s more likely to occur in the future. Seriously, black has hit, like, six times in a row. Has to be red next. By spinning maybe 14 or 15 red numbers the table had attracted quite a crowd, with people emptying their wallets onto black In total I had spun 22 red numbers in a row before finally hitting a black number. By this time most people were at the cash desk getting more money out and I dont think anybody managed to recoup their losses. The record for the number of reds in a row was set in the US in 1943 when the colour came up 32 times in a row. The probability of this happening on a European Roulette table is (18/37) to the power of 32 which comes to 1 in 10,321,314,387. It has also been reported that red came up 39 times in a row in the Casino Monte Carlo, Monaco.
> So I found a way you can win everytime:> bet $1 on black if it goes black you win $1> now again bet $1 on black, if it goes red bet $3 on black, if it goes red again bet $8> on black, if red again bet $20 on black, red again bet $52 on black (always multiple> you previous lost bet around 2.5) if now is black you win $52 so you have $104 and you bet:> $1 + $3 + $8 + $20 + $52 = $84 So you just won $20 :)> now when you won you start with $1 on blacks again etc etc. its always> bound to go black eventually (it’s 50/50) so that way you eventually always win.
If you ignore the atrocious spelling and grammar, the basic idea seems to be a good one. In fact, it’s an established betting strategy known as the Martingale system. Under this system, you double losing bets until you win, that way you will always win an amount equivalent to your first stake. If we build a probability tree for a gambler who only bets on black and provide her with a fairly standard outcome, two losses followed by one win, you’ll see how this is meant to work.
Over three bets, she has spent £7, but won £8. Not too shabby. She just needs to do this over and over until she has won an amount she’s happy with. Fool-proof, right?
Not quite. Casinos have stayed in business over centuries for a reason: they know how to work probabilities. One of their standard strategies is to have minimum and maximum stake limits, with a typical range of £10-£1000. These limits expose a huge flaw in our spam-based strategy.
Imagine you’re trying the Martingale strategy and you go on a losing streak. £10, £20, £40, £80, £160, £320 and £640 all go on losing bets and all of a sudden you’re down £1270. Here’s where you come up against the casino’s maximum bet policy. You can’t place a £1280 bet to recoup your losses. But how likely is losing 7 bets in a row?
Not very likely at all, if you’re only trying to win £10. According to the multiplication rule for independent events, the exact odds are (1/2)7 which is equal to .0078. Put another way, the probability of this happening is 1 in 128.
But problems arise when you try to make more than £10. To understand the next set of calculations, we need to reverse the probability of losing and think about how likely it is that we will win £10 each time we try. Using the addition rule for mutually exclusive events, we can calculate that the probability of winning £10 is equal to the probability of not losing:
pwin+ plose = 1Most Red Or Black In A Row In Roulette Machine
pwin= 1 – plose
pwin= 1 – 1/128 = 127/128 = .9922
We can now work out the probabilities of making various amounts of profit, once again using the multiplication rule:
£20 profit = (127/128)2 = .9844£100 profit = (127/128)10 = .9246£200 profit = (127/128)20 = .8548
But here’s the kicker. If you want to double the money you bring to the casino to place these bets, you’re looking at close to a 2 in 3 chance that you will lose everything.
£1270 profit = (127/128)127 = .3693
“I’m not greedy!” I hear you cry. “I’d just want to go home with a little more than if I had invested the money and not had any fun at all.” Let’s say you wanted to take home a little more than, 6%, the best savings interest rate you can currently find on moneysupermarket.com (as of when this article was written). How much would you need to win?
£1270 x .06 = £76.20Most Red Or Black In A Row In Roulette Room
You would need to win 8 times in a row to go home with a little more than a 6% interest rate. And what are the odds of this happening?
£80 profit = (127/128)8 = .9392
Put another way, 15 out of 16 times, you will exceed a savings account interest rate. You will enter the casino with £1270 and leave with £1350. But, 1 in 16 times you will leave the casino with nothing. Not even enough to get the 99 bus back over the Tay. Sadly, this sort of thing is all too common, especially when people are new to gambling and thing they have found a way of beating the system: e.g. http://casinogambling.about.com/od/moneymanagement/a/martingale.htm.
Even if you find a casino with no maximum bet, you need huge financial resources to make it work. It all starts to seem even more hopeless when you factor in something I neglected to mention at the start. Your odds of winning are actually worse than 50%. If the ball lands on 0 the casino takes all the money.
The take-home-message? It’s probably best to ignore financial advice you read in your spam folder.Most Red Or Black In A Row In Roulette SitesMost Red Or Black In A Row In Roulette Terms
EDIT (17/1/2014): A link to moneysupermarket.com was removed following receipt of an email from a moneysupermarket.com employee requesting that I comply with their request of ” removing or adding a nofollow attribute to the links to our MoneySuperMarket.com website”. Doing a quick search to find out why reveals https://groups.google.com/forum/#!topic/FleetStreet/HDVHXFwQFdI, which suggests that this is all about SEO optimisation such that “some [links] may look un-natural or paid for in the eyes of Google. This unfortunately means that we have to take down a large number of our links, some of which were genuine and of use/interest to users of the sites on which they were posted”. The suggestion on that last link is that moneysupermarket.com might be doing this because they have previously been penalised for paying for links to their site and are now doing what they can to stop this perception. I don’t know what authority they have to enforce removal of links like this (none I suspect), but I don’t really care enough to kick up a fuss… link removed.
Download: http://gg.gg/nu351 https://diarynote.indered.space
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